A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M |
N | O | P | Q | R | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
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A |
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Abrasion |
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The progressive
wearing away of a tire by scraping and rubbing. |
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Accelerator |
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A chemical which
affects the rate of vulcanization of rubber compounds. |
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Adhesion |
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Bond between two
cured or uncured surfaces. |
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Adhesive |
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An adhesive rubber
compound usually dissolved in solvent used to provide building tack and cured adhesion.
May be brushed or sprayed on the buffed surface. Some cement may be water-based. |
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Aging |
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Deterioration or
change of physical and chemical properties of rubber by oxidation, heat, or moisture over
a period of time. |
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Airbag |
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An inflated flexible
bag used to impart positive pressure on the article being vulcanized. |
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Air
Injection |
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An inspection method
using a high-pressure air probe to detect separation in the tire casing. |
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Air
Pressure |
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Force exerted by air
within the tire, expressed in pounds per square inch or bars. |
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Alignment |
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The adjustment of
various parts of the vehicle’s suspension system to ensure proper handling stability
and to minimize abnormal tire tread wear. |
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Ambient
Temperature |
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Temperature (°F or
°C) of immediate surroundings, usually room temperature. |
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Antioxidant |
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A chemical used to
retard deterioration due to heat, light, oxygen, or combinations thereof. |
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Arc |
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A measure of tread
surface curvature from shoulder to shoulder. |
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Aspect
Ratio |
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Ratio of
cross-section height to width. |
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Autoclave
Kettle |
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A vessel used for
vulcanizing rubber products under pressure. |
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Awl |
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A pointed, round, or
flat tool used to probe nail holes and injuries. |
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B |
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Backing |
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A removable
protective material used on the application side of retread rubber and repair materials to
preserve cleanliness and tackiness. |
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Balancing |
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A process to correct
for heavy or light areas of a tire. |
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Banbury |
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An enclosed machine
for mixing rubber and compounds. |
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Band
Lugging |
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A method of
retreading earthmover tires using hand built-up extruded lugs and autoclave cure. |
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Bar |
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Measure of pressure
in international units. 1 bar = 0.9869 atmosphere = 14.50 psi = 100 kPa. |
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Base
Width |
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A measure of that
portion of the tread rubber which joins to the buffed surface of the tire. |
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Bead |
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The anchoring part of
the tire which is shaped to fit the rim; made of high tensile steel wires wrapped and
reinforced by the plies. |
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Bead
Area |
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The anchoring part of
the tire which is shaped to fit the rim/wheel. |
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Bead
Face / Ledge / Sole |
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The flat portions of
the bead area between the heel and toe that contacts the rim/wheel. |
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Bead
Filler |
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Sometimes called an
"apex", it is designed to provide stiffness, stability, and durability in the
bead area. |
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Bead
Heel |
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The rounded portion
of the bead area that contacts the rim/wheel between the bead seat and flange. |
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Bead
Reinforce |
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May be steel, fabric,
or a combination of reinforced material to give bead area stability and body ply. |
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Bead
Toe |
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The point portion of
the bead area opposite the heel. |
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Bead
Sealing Area |
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The face/ledge/sole
and heel of the bead that contacts the rim. With tubeless tires, the bead area seals to
the rim and rim flange to retain air. |
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Bead
Seat |
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The flat portion of
the rim/wheel on which the bead face/ledge/sole rests. |
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Bead
Separation |
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Separation between
components in the bead area. |
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Bead-To-Bead
Measurement |
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The distance from the
heel of one bead, straight up at 90°, over the crown and down the other side to a
position on the heel of the other bead directly opposite the starting point. (Usually on a
buffed casing.) |
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Belt |
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A reinforced cord
layer located circumferentially around the tire and under the tread. |
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Belt
Separation |
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Separation of the
belts from the plies or tread or from each other. |
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Bias
Ply (Diagonal Ply) |
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A tire construction
in which the ply cords extending to the beads are laid at alternate angles substantially
less than 90° to the centerline of the tread. |
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Bias Tire |
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A pneumatic tire in which the ply
cords that extend to the beads are laid at angles substantially less than 90 degrees to
the centerline of the tread. |
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Blow |
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A porous condition
caused by a loss of pressure of undercure. |
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Blue
Triangle |
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A bulge due to a
section repair is allowed not to exceed 3/8" (1cm) in height. A blue triangular label
in the immediate vicinity may sometimes identify this bulge. |
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Body |
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Tire structure
excepting tread and sidewall rubber. |
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Body
Ply (pl. plies) |
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Layers of
rubber-coated parallel cords extending from bead to bead. |
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Body
Ply Insert |
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An additional layer
of rubber on top of the body ply to add to body ply durability. |
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Bonding |
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The joining of two
materials by use of adhesives or vulcanization. |
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Brand
Number |
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A number branded into
one or both sidewalls of a tire by the customer for identification purposes. |
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Breaks |
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A surface opening
and/or damage extending into or through the cord. |
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Buff
Contour |
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The specified shape
of a buffed area. |
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Buff
Line |
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The dividing line in
the cross section of a tire between the buffed surface of the original tire and the new
retread rubber. |
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Buffed
Surface |
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A specifically
prepared surface of a tire casing or repair area to provide proper texture to help promote
adhesion to the new rubber. |
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Buffed
Texture |
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That surface produced
by buffing, rasping, or cutting as standardized by the Rubber Manufacturers
Association’s Shop Bulletin No. 29 "Standard Buffing Textures - Retreading and
Repairing." |
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Buffer |
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A machine used to
rasp the old tread from the casing. A powered rotary rasp provides a clean, even surface
for adhesion of the new tread rubber. |
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Buffing |
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Removal of the
previously vulcanized rubber surface using a buffer. |
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Butyl
Rubber |
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A general purpose
synthetic elastomer (rubber) produced by copolymerizing isobutylene with small amounts of
isoprene. Butyl rubber has a high resistance to chemicals and low permeability to gases.
Its permeability to air is 70% better than that of natural rubber and for this reason is
superior for tire tubes and for tubeless tire inner liners. |
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Buzz -
Out |
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The removal of
material prior to making a repair. |
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C |
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Cable |
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The fabric or steel
strands forming the reinforced structure in the tire. |
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Calender |
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A multi-rolled
machine which impregnates fabric or cord with rubber and/or forms a thin-layered sheet of
rubber or other material. |
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Carbide |
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A hard, metallic
material. |
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Carbide
Burr / Cutter / Rasp |
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A rotary cutting
tool. |
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Casing |
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A used tire to which
additional tread may be attached for the purpose of retreading. |
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Cement |
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An adhesive rubber
compound usually dissolved in solvent used to provide building tack and cured adhesion.
May be brushed or sprayed on the buffed surface. Some cement may be water-based. |
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Chamber |
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A heated pressurized
curing vessel. See also AUTOCLAVE. |
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Chemical
Cleaner |
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A rapid-drying rubber
solvent for removing matrix lubricant, dirt, and other foreign material. |
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Chemical Cure |
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Vulcanization at room temperature
activated by chemical agents without the application of heat from an outside source. |
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Chemical Cure
Repair |
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Repair unit activated by a
chemical agent. |
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Chemical
Rubber Compound |
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A two-part rubber
putty which, when mixed together thoroughly, begins curing at room temperature. |
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Chemical
Rubber Gum |
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An especially
compounded repair gum which cures at room temperature by chemical action. |
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Chemical
Vulcanizing Cement (Chemical Cure Cement) |
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Cement which, when
used with compatible materials, will produce a chemical cure. |
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Chlorobutyl |
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Butyl rubber with a
chlorine atom bonded to the butyl backbone. Chlorobutyl has higher air retention and
better heat stability. |
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Circumferential
Break |
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A break parallel to
the beads in the sidewall area. |
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Cold
Patch |
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Vulcanization at room
temperature activated by chemical agents without the application of heat from an outside
source. |
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Compound |
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A thorough mixture of
natural and/or synthetic rubbers with various ingredients designed for each tire part. |
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Cord |
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The fabric or steel
strands forming the reinforced structure in the tire. |
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Cord
Separation |
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The parting of rubber
compound from the cord. |
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Cord
Strain |
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Tension of any given
cord or cords in the tire under specific load and inflation. |
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Corrosion |
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The oxidation of
steel cords and/or rim components. |
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Cracks |
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Any parting within
the rubber that does not extend to or through the cord material. |
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Cross
Ply |
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Sometimes used to
refer to a bias ply tire. |
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Crown |
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Section between the
shoulders of a tire. See TREAD. |
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Crown
Radius |
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The measurement of
the curvature of a tire tread between the shoulders of the tire. Expressed as a
percentage, it indicates the relative flatness of the tire tread area. |
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Crown
Width |
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The distance from
shoulder to shoulder measured along the buffed contour. See TREAD WIDTH. |
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Cure |
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The process of
vulcanization of rubber by applying heat and pressure over a period of time. Also see
CHEMICAL CURE. |
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Cure
Rate |
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The speed at which a
compound cures and develops its physical properties. |
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Cure
Rate Factor (CFR) |
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Cure Rate Factor,
used in curing calculations. |
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Cure
Time |
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The length of time
established to achieve a desired cure state. |
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Cushion
Gum (Bonding Gum) |
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A tacky, rubber
compound used for adhesion of tread rubber, under-tread repair, build-up of other repairs,
or on the bottom of some repair units. See PRECURED TREAD CUSHION GUM. |
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D |
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Delamination |
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A somewhat smooth
separation between layers of material. |
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E |
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Edge
Lifting |
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A separation of the
outer edge of the tread from the casing’s shoulder. |
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Extruder |
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A machine that shapes
a rubber compound, by the process of extruding, into a usable, heated form (example: strip
of die size). |
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Extruder
Gun |
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A small hand-held
portable extruder used for spot application of heated rubber to the casing. |
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Extruding |
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Process of forming
uncured rubber compound into a given shape by passing through an extruder. |
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F |
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Fabric
Fatigue |
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Fabric degradation
and resultant loss of tire cord strength due to repeated flexing, accentuated by
overloading and/or under-inflation. |
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Fast-Cure
Gum |
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Rubber Compound which
cures at a faster rate than retread rubber and is tested at 260°F (127°C). |
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Feathering |
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Reduction in
thickness to allow a smooth transition to match the contour of the adjacent material. |
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Filler
Plug |
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A rubber compound
that fills the cavity of an injury in a tire. |
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Filler
Gum (Filling Stock, Repair Gum) |
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A uncured rubber
compound (usually fast-curing) used to fill in low spots or repairs on a casing. |
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Finished
Buff |
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That surface produced
by buffing, rasping, or cutting as standardized by the Rubber Manufacturers
Association’s Shop Bulletin No. 29 "Standard Buffing Textures-Retreading and
Repairing." |
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Flex
Area |
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Circumferential area
in a tire where maximum bending or flexing occurs. |
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Flex
Break |
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A circumferential
break usually parallel to the beads in the mid-sidewall area. |
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Flex
Cure |
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Proprietary system
using uncured tread rubber and flexible rubber molds to produce a retread in a pressure
curing chamber. |
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G |
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Gauge |
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Thickness, usually
expressed in 1/32" for tread rubber or by millimeters for repair gums. |
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H |
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Heat
Cure Repair |
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Repair unit activated
by heat and pressure. |
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Holland
Cloth |
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A completely filled,
woven fabric with a smooth finish on both sides, used to separate rubber from adjacent
materials. |
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I |
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Impact
Break |
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In a bias tire, a
break usually in the shape of an X, Y, or star, which can be seen from inside of the tire.
In a radial tire, a break usually in the shape of an "I", which can be seen from
outside of the tire. |
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Inflation
Pressure |
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The minimum cold tire
inflation pressure required for specific load and speed conditions. |
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Injury
(Injuries) |
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Any damage caused by
a penetrating object of severe scuff or impact. |
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Injury
Size |
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Widest opening in the
cord body after skiving and buffing. |
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Innerliner/Liner |
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The layer (s) forming
the inside surface of a tubeless tire that contains the inflating medium within the tire. |
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Innerliner
Repair Material |
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A special repair
material for repair of innerliners. |
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Innerliner
Sealant |
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Liquid or semi-solid
material which is used to coat the innerliner. |
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Innertube
(Tube) |
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An airtight rubber
membrane (bladder) placed inside the casing of a pneumatic tire to hold air. |
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International
Tire and Rubber Association |
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An association
representing the tire retread and repair industry. |
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K |
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Kettle
Cure (Autoclave) |
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A pressure and heat
vessel used for vulcanizing rubber products under pressure. |
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L |
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Lamination |
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Separation between
two or more layers of rubber caused by surface contamination in handling or processing
uncured tread rubber. |
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Liner |
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The tubeless tire
inner surface used to retain the inflation medium. (See INNERLINER). |
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Load
Range |
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The term "load
range" with a letter (example A, B, C, etc) in tire identification is used to
identity a given size tire with its load and inflation limits when used in a specific type
of service, as defined in the Tire and Rim Association, Inc., tables. |
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Load
Rating |
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The maximum load a
tire is rated to carry for a given usage at a specified cold inflation pressure. |
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Local
Service |
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An application in
which operation is limited to speeds not to exceed 55 mph for not more that 50 minutes in
duration. |
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Low
Profile |
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A tire in which the
ratio of cross-section height to section width (80% or less) is lower than that of a
conventional tire, resulting in a squatty appearance. |
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Low-Temperature
Gum |
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A rubber compound
which cures at a faster rate than fast-cure gum, usually tested at 260 F (127 C) or 200 F
(93 C). |
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Lubricant |
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Something that
lessens or prevents friction. |
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M |
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Manufacturer |
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…of a tire, the
name of a company or wholly owned subsidiary making the tire. |
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Mold |
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The heated cavity in
which tires, retreads, and repairs are vulcanized. Includes the curing chamber, matrices,
and adjusting devices. |
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N |
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Nail
Hole |
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A penetration or
puncture caused by a small object, not to exceed 1/4" in passenger tires and
3/8" in truck tires. |
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O |
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Optimum
Cure |
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That state of cure at
which the rubber compound exhibits the most satisfactory physical properties. |
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Outside
Diameter |
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Measurement of a tire
when it is inflated and mounted on a rim. (O. D.) |
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Overall
Diameter |
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The length of a
straight line beginning at the buffed surface through the center of a tire to the opposite
outside surface, commonly used to size in inflated buffed tire; usually measured with a
diameter type (pi) tape. |
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Overall
Width |
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The maximum
cross-sectional width of a tire, including protective or decorative ribs. |
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Oxidation |
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The reaction of
oxygen with rubber or steel, usually evidenced by a change in the appearance
(discoloration) of the surface, a change in physical properties, or wire rust. |
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P |
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Patch |
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A specially designed
unit made of fabric and/or rubber that is applied to a tire or tube to restore tire and/or
tube integrity. |
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Patch-Plug |
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Combination of a
repair unit and a repair plug. |
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Penetration |
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Damage to a tire
caused by a piercing object not going completely through casing. |
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Perforation |
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Damage completely
through tire caused by piercing object. |
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Ply |
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A layer of
rubber-coated parallel cords. |
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Ply
Adhesion |
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Strength of bonding
between adjacent plies, usually expressed as the force required to separate them. |
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Ply
Rating |
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An indication of tire
casing strength and load-carrying capacity, expressed as numbers, letters, and/or symbols;
does not necessarily represent the number of cord plies in the tire. |
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Ply
Separation |
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The loss of adhesion
between adjacent plies. |
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Pounds
per Square Inch (psi) |
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A measurement of
pressure. 1 psi = 6.895 kPa or 1 kPa = 0.1450 psi. |
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Precured
Tread Cushion Gum |
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A tacky rubber
compound used to bond the precured tread to the prepared surface. |
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Puncture
Repair |
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An off-the-wheel
repair of any injury caused by a penetrating object. (Note: The type of repair is
determined by size and depth of injury.) |
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R |
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Radial
Cracking |
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Cracking, usually in
or near the sidewall area, resulting from under inflation. (Cracks are perpendicular to
the bead.) |
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Radial
Ply |
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A tire with cords
running radially from bead to bead (90º to centerline of the tire.) |
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Radial
Split/Break |
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A break in the
sidewall perpendicular to the beads that have not damaged the cord. |
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Radial
Tire |
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A tire construction
in which the body ply cords are placed straight across the tire from bead to bead; the
belt plies run nearly circumferentially around the tire, under the tread, and constrict
the radial ply cords. |
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Ream |
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To clean an injury or
hole prior to repair. |
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Reinforcement |
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Material, usually
rubber and fabric, vulcanized to the tire to add strength to the tire cord body at an
injury. |
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Reinforcement
Repair |
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Repairs made to the
bias casing when an injury has extended through 25% but less than 75% of the tire body,
requiring both hole-filling material and reinforcing the repair unit. |
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Repair |
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The act of partially
perforating a bias tire through the outer rubber into the fabric, which allows trapped air
or moisture to escape without loss of tire air-retention ability. |
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Repair
Gum |
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A soft, tacky,
usually fast-curing rubber compound used in tire repairing; available in sheet, strip, and
rope form. |
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Repair
Material |
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Specifically designed
material (repair units, repair gums, cements, etc.) used during the repair process of a
tire or tube. |
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Repair
Plug |
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A rubber compound
that fills the cavity of an injury in a tire. |
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Repair
Sealant |
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Liquid or semi-solid
materials used to cover the over buffed area around repair units. |
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Repair
Unit (Patch) |
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A specially designed
unit made of fabric and/or rubber that is applied to a tire or tube to restore tire and/or
tube integrity. |
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Repaired
Tire |
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Any tire with
punctures, cuts, or other types of injuries that have been reconditioned to restore
strength and flexibility for additional safe service. See common repair types: NAIL HOLE
REPAIR, REINFORCEMENT REPAIR, SECTION REPAIR, SPOT REPAIR. |
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Retreaded
Tire |
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A casing to which new
tread rubber has been vulcanized to the prepared surface to extend the usable life of the
tire. |
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Retread
Separation |
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A separation between
the tread rubber and the buffed tire casing. |
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Reversion |
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Deterioration of a
rubber compound's physical properties due to excessive heating. |
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Rim |
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Supports, usually
metal, for a tire and tube assembly on which the tire beads are seated. |
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Rim
Diameter |
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The nominal diameter
of the rim corresponding to the tire bead heel. |
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Rim
Flange |
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The part of the rim
that supports the bead area above the heel and resists lateral internal pressure. |
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Rope
Rubber |
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Repair bum supplied
in continuous cylindrical form to be used in a hand-held extruder, generally for tire
repairing. |
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Rubber
Buffings |
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Suggested: Loosened
rubber particles from buffing the tire. |
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Rubber
Cement |
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An adhesive rubber
compound usually dissolved in solvent used to provide building tack and cured adhesion.
May be brushed or sprayed on the buffed surface. Some cement may be water-based. |
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Rubber
Manufacturers Association (RMA) |
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The North American
trade association of finished rubber and rubber-related manufactures. |
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Run
Flat |
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Tire damage resulting
from operating with low or no air pressure, sometimes identified by repetitive liner
cracking or discoloration. |
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S |
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Scorch |
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Premature
vulcanization of rubber caused by excessive heat during processing. Scorched compounds
will not mold satisfactorily, nor develop satisfactory adhesive properties. May also be
used to describe the reversion caused by excessive heat during the buffing or skiving
process. See REVERSION. |
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Section
Repair |
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Repairs, other than
nail holes, made to the casing when an injury has extended through 75% or more of the
actual plies, or completely through the casing in the tread or sidewall areas. Some
jurisdictions may have different limits. |
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Self-Vulcanization |
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Vulcanization of
rubber at room temperature or above, and activated by chemical agents without the
application of heat from an outside source. |
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Separation |
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Lack of adhesion
between any adjacent materials in a tire. See BEAD SEPARATION, BELT SEPARATION, INNERLINER
SEPARATION, PLY SEPARATION, RETREAD SEPARATION, and TREAD SEPARATION. |
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Shoulder |
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The outer tread edge
and upper sidewall area of the tire. Transitional area between the tread and sidewall
(including the outer edge of the tread and uppermost sidewall area of the tire); includes
the outer edges of the belts in radial tires. |
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Shoulder
Radius (Buffed) |
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The buffed contour as
applied to the shoulder area of the tire. |
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Sidewall |
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That portion of a
tire between the tread and bead area. |
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Sidewall
Rubber |
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A non-structural
element designed to protect the body ply from contact with damaging objects or weathering. |
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Sidewall
Separation |
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A separation of the
rubber compounds in the sidewall. |
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Skid
Depth (Tread Depth) |
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The distance measured
from the tread surface to the bottom of the grooves in a tire. |
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Skive
(Skiving) |
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The removal of
material prior to making a repair. |
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Solvent
(Rubber Solvent) |
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A liquid, which will
soften and dissolve uncured rubber, dilute cement, and increase the tackiness of uncured
rubber surfaces. |
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Specification |
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Written requirements
for process or materials. |
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Splice |
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The junction formed
by joining the two ends of a tire component. |
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Spot
Repair |
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The replacement of
rubber in an injury that penetrates less than 25% of the body plies. |
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Spotter
(Spot Press) |
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A small
heat-vulcanizing unit used in repairing tires and tubes. |
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Spreader |
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Multi-arm device that
spreads the beads of a tire. |
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T |
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Tire
Association of North America (TANA) |
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TANA is a Reston,
Virginia-based trade group representing all sectors of the North American replacement tire
market. www.tana.net |
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Template
(Buffing Template) |
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A pattern used as a
guide in repairing and retreading tires. In repairing, it serves to outline the area to be
buffed inside the casing. In retreading, it is used to determine the correct contour of
the buffed casing. |
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Tensile
Strength |
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The force expressed
in pounds per square inch (or kilograms per square centimeter), required to break a piece
of rubber by stretching. |
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Texture |
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That surface produced
by buffing, rasping, or cutting as standardized by the Rubber Manufacturers
Association’s Shop Bulletin No. 29 "Standard Buffing Textures-Retreading and
Repairing." |
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Tire |
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Load-bearing
ground-contacting circumferential attachment to a vehicle wheel. |
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Tire
and Rim Association, Inc. |
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Industrial
association of tire and rim manufactures. Provides technical tire and rim standards. The
Tire & Rim Association determines standard tire and rim dimensions and combinations of
loads and inflations recommended for the best service. Information is published in yearly
editions of the Tire & Rim Association Yearbook. |
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Tire
Puncture |
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A penetration by a
foreign object through the tire body. |
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Tread |
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That portion of a
tire that comes in contact with the road. |
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Tread
Depth (Skid Depth) |
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The distance measured
from the tread surface to the bottom of the grooves in a tire. |
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Tread
Radius |
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A measure of tread
surface curvature from shoulder to shoulder. |
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Tread
Separation |
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A separation of the
tread from the body of a tire. |
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Tread
Width |
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The distance from
tread edge to tread edge on a tire measure along the contour of the tread surface. |
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Tubeless |
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A pneumatic tire that
requires an innertube for air retention. |
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Tube-Type |
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A pneumatic tire that
does not require an innertube for air retenion. |
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U |
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Under-inflation |
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A tire having less
than recommended air pressure for the load being carried. A tire with this condition may
build up excessive heat that may be dangerous and could result in sudden tire
destruction. |
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V |
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Vulcanization |
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A chemical reaction
that takes place under appropriate time, temperature, and pressure. |
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Vulcanizing
Cement |
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A cement containing
additives to cure under heat. See CHEMICAL VULCANIZING CEMENT for chemical curing. |
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Z |
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Zipper
Rupture |
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Circumferential
rupture of sidewall body cables. |
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